Efectividad de la autotoma del exudado vaginorrectal para el cribado prenatal de la infección por Streptococcus agalactiae. Estudio GALL

ObjetiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of vagino-rectal swab autotomy for prenatal screening for GBS infection and to identify the barriers and facilitators encountered by the pregnant woman for this intervention.DesignCross-sectional study of diagnostic tests.Participants and siteA total of 213 pregnant women who attended the primary care midwife's office in 6 health centers of the Basque Health Service/Osakidetza in Bizkaia, who met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the study, participated in the study.Main measurementsThe result of the vagino-rectal culture obtained by the pregnant woman was compared with the result of the vagino-rectal culture taken by the midwife in consultation on the same day, and the barriers and facilitators encountered by the women in the self-test were collected.ResultsSelf-testing as a test for GBS was found to have a sensitivity of 93.3% (95% CI 78.7–98.2), a specificity of 99.4% (95% CI 96.5–99.9), a positive predictive value of 96% (95% CI 82.8–99.4) and a negative predictive value of 98.8% (95% CI 95.6–99.7). 27.3% of respondents encountered some difficulty in the collection, only 4.8% did not feel qualified, 84.2% felt comfortable, 99.5% considered the information provided to be adequate and complete, 94.7% did not find the steps to follow complicated, and 96% were satisfied with the study.ConclusionsSelf-collection of vagino-rectal exudate for GBS detection has proved to be valid and reliable, which would make it possible to offer this option to pregnant women in the systematic screening for GBS infection.     

肾盂尿培养联合炎症指标对经皮肾镜碎石术后尿路感染的诊断价值

目的探讨经皮肾镜碎石术后,肾盂尿培养联合血清和肽素及IL-6水平对尿路感染的诊断价值。方法选取2015年6月-2018年6月于遵义医科大学附属医院行经皮肾镜碎石术的住院患者201例,根据术后尿路感染情况分为感染组32例及非感染组169例。术前中段尿、术中肾盂尿进行细菌培养,术后第1天采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清和肽素及白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)水平,比较上述指标单独及联合对术后尿路感染的诊断价值。结果感染组与非感染组术前中段尿细菌培养阳性率分别为15.63%和14.79%,差异无统计学意义(χ^2=1.218,P=0.270);感染组肾盂细菌培养阳性率为81.25%,高于非感染组的3.55%,差异有统计学意义(χ^2=121.349,P<0.001)。感染组和肽素及IL-6水平高于非感染组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。肾盂尿培养、血清和肽素及IL-6联合诊断PCNL术后尿路感染敏感性为90.65%,特异性为86.44%,AUC为0.873±0.039,高于肾盂尿培养、和肽素、IL-6单独诊断水平(P<0.05)。结论术中肾盂尿培养较术前中段尿培养价值高,且血清和肽素、IL-6及肾盂尿培养联合诊断可提高诊断准确率。     

Papel complementario de la resonancia magnética en el estudio del sistema urinario fetal

Urinary system birth defects represent the abnormality most often detected in prenatal studies, accounting for 30% to 50% of all structural anomalies present at birth. The most common disorders are urinary tract dilation, developmental variants, cystic kidney diseases, kidney tumors, and bladder defects. These anomalies can present in isolation or in association with various syndromes. They are normally evaluated with sonography, and the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered only in inconclusive cases. In this article, we show the potential of fetal MRI as a technique to complement sonography in the study of fetal urinary system anomalies. We show the additional information that MRI can provide in each entity, especially in the evaluation of kidney function through diffusion-weighted sequences.     

A Snapshot of the Guidelines on Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children

The main goal in the management of patients with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the preservation of kidney function by minimizing the risk of pyelonephritis. By defining and analyzing the risk factors for each patient depending on age, sex, grade of reflux, lower urinary tract dysfunction, anatomic abnormalities, and kidney status, it is possible to identify those patients with a potential risk of upper urinary tract infection and resulting renal scarring. This paper gives a brief overview of the European Association of Urology guidelines for the management and treatment of VUR in children. These guidelines are based on the best currently available knowledge and evidence.     

Increased urinary angiotensinogen precedes the onset of albuminuria in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients

It was previously reported that intrarenal renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Urinary angiotensinogen (UAGT) was employed as a special index of the intrarenal RAS status and enhanced significantly at a very early stage of chronic kidney disease and type 1 diabetes. On the basis of these findings, the present study was performed to test the hypothesis that UAGT levels are increase even before the development of DN in type 2 diabetic patients without hypertension. 102 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 18 healthy volunteers were studied cross-sectionally. Clinical data were collected and morning spot urine samples were obtained from all participants. UAGT levels were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). As a result, UAGT to creatinine ratio (UAGT/Cr) was significantly enhanced in T2DM patients before the appearance of urinary albumin (UALB) and further increased to a greater degree in albuminuric patients. UAGT/Cr levels were positively correlated with Log (UALB to creatinine ratio) and diastolic blood pressure, but negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate. These data indicate that elevated UAGT levels precede the onset of albuminuria in normotensive T2DM patients. UAGT might potentially serve as an early marker to determine intrarenal RAS activity and predict progressive kidney disease in T2DM patients without hypertension.     

Antimicrobial dosing in critically ill patients with sepsis-induced acute kidney injury

Severe sepsis often leads to multiple organ dysfunction syndromes (MODS) with acute kidney injury (AKI). AKI affects approximately, 35% of Intensive Care Unit patients, and most of these are due to sepsis. Mortality rate of sepsis-induced AKI is high. Inappropriate use of antimicrobials may be responsible for higher therapeutic failure, mortality rates, costs and toxicity as well as the emergence of resistance. Antimicrobial treatment is particularly difficult due to altered pharmacokinetic profile, dynamic changes in patient''s clinical status and, in many cases, need for renal replacement therapy. This article aims to describe the appropriate antimicrobial dosing and reviews the factors contributing to the difficulties in establishing precise guidelines for antimicrobial dosing in sepsis-induced AKI patients. Search strategy: Text material was collected by systematic search in PubMed, Google (1978–2013) for original articles.     

膀胱肿瘤切除术后尿路感染病原学和危险因素

目的观察膀胱肿瘤切除术后患者尿路感染发生情况与病原学特征,分析诱发尿路感染的危险因素,并提出合理且具备针对性的冲洗对策,为未来膀胱肿瘤切除术后尿路感染的预防提供合理参考。方法回顾性分析连云港市第一人民医院2016年1月-2019年1月接受经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术治疗的451例膀胱肿瘤患者的临床资料,收集患者病例资料,全部患者术后均定期取尿液标本进行细菌培养,参照相关标准判定患者尿路感染情况,记录患者一般情况,包括一般人口学资料(性别、年龄、体质量、受教育程度等),同时记录患者糖尿病的疾病合并情况,将术后尿路感染可能的危险因素纳入初步分析,Logistic多因素回归分析膀胱肿瘤切除术后发生尿路感染的危险因素。结果451例膀胱肿瘤切除术患者术后第3天尿液中细菌培养阳性例数为80例,阳性率为17.74%,在使用抗菌药物后,患者尿液中细菌培养阳性率逐渐降低,各时点尿液细菌阳性培养率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);经多因素Logistic回归分析检验证实,高龄、血糖水平控制不佳、术前留置导尿管、多发肿瘤是膀胱肿瘤切除术后尿路感染的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05);80例术后尿液细菌培养阳性患者共分离出87株菌株,其中革兰阴性菌66株占75.86%,革兰阳性球菌21株占24.14%。结论膀胱肿瘤切除术后患者有较高的尿路感染风险,革兰阴性菌是主要的感染病原菌,年龄、基础疾病、肿瘤位点、术前导尿管留置等是影响因素,这类患者应引起临床高度重视。